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Ratio patterns

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Ratios

A ratio (proportion) expresses the relationship of one quantity to another. Ratios are usually used to compare two or multiple numbers/quantities, e.g. 1:2 or 4:1:3.

The ratio of two quantities can be written as a fraction, e.g. 1:2 can be written as $1/2$. It is read as “1 to 2”. It means that the second quantity is twice as large as the first.

The numbers 1 and 2 are called terms (antecedent:consequent). The order is important. The ratio 1:2 is not the same as 2:1. Ratios can be simplified/reduced by dividing it by the same number. Ratio 15:3 is the same as 5:1 (We have divided both terms by 3.) We can read it as 15 is to 3 as 5 is to 1. We call them equivalent ratios (they have the same value, even though they look different). A ratio expressed in lowest terms is a ratio by which both terms can’t be divided further by a common divisor (1:8:9 or 2:3 or 4:5:7)

A ratio can describe a part-to-part comparison or a part-to-whole comparison.

Let’s have 12 girls and 4 boys in a class (altogether 16 children). Their part-to-part ratio (girls to boys) is 12:4 (can be simplified to 3:1). Thus, ratio of boys to girls is 1:3. And ratio of girls to all children (part-to-whole) is 12:16 (or 3:4 after simplifying).

The ratio actually only expresses parts of a certain whole to us. If the ratio of girls to boys is 3: 1, it means that the girls are $3/4$ of it and boys $1/4$.

Dividing a number into two (or more) parts in a given ratio

Let the number be 20. It is to be divided into two parts in the ratio 3:7 . The two parts of 20 we are looking for are x and y. x:y will be equivalent to 3:7 and at the same time x+y=20

$$x/y=3/7=k$$

Number k is a number with which we will multiply at the end to transform the relative part of the whole to absolute quantity. If we split 20 to 10 parts (because 3+7=10) it corresponds with 1 part of it.

Let’s find x, y:

$$ x = 3k ; y = 7k$$
$$3k+7k=20 ;→;k=20/{3+7}$$
$$k=2 ;→;x=3k=6;;; y=7k=14$$

In other words, if a ratio is a:b we have to add up ratio terms (a+b or 3+7=10) and use this sum to divide original number (20) by it to get k: 20÷10=2. Then we have to multiply k with terms of the ratio to get the results 3k=6; 7k=14. Their sum is equal to the original number (6+14=20)

Part-to-whole word problems

The ratio of girls to all students in a school is 3:7. There is 1400 students altogether. How many boys are there?

1400 students should be divided by 7 to get k.

$$1400÷7=200=k$$

Number of girls is 3×k=3×200=600. The rest will be boys (1400−600=800).

Another way is to set a ratio part-to-whole for boys and that’s (7−3):7=4:7 . With k equal to 200, number of boys is 4×k=4×200=800.



Proportion equations (whole numbers)

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Dividing a number in a given ratio (decimals and fractions)

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Ratios

A ratio (proportion) expresses the relationship of one quantity to another. Ratios are usually used to compare two or multiple numbers/quantities, e.g. 1:2 or 4:1:3.

The ratio of two quantities can be written as a fraction, e.g. 1:2 can be written as $1/2$. It is read as “1 to 2”. It means that the second quantity is twice as large as the first.

The numbers 1 and 2 are called terms (antecedent:consequent). The order is important. The ratio 1:2 is not the same as 2:1. Ratios can be simplified/reduced by dividing it by the same number. Ratio 15:3 is the same as 5:1 (We have divided both terms by 3.) We can read it as 15 is to 3 as 5 is to 1. We call them equivalent ratios (they have the same value, even though they look different). A ratio expressed in lowest terms is a ratio by which both terms can’t be divided further by a common divisor (1:8:9 or 2:3 or 4:5:7)

A ratio can describe a part-to-part comparison or a part-to-whole comparison.

Let’s have 12 girls and 4 boys in a class (altogether 16 children). Their part-to-part ratio (girls to boys) is 12:4 (can be simplified to 3:1). Thus, ratio of boys to girls is 1:3. And ratio of girls to all children (part-to-whole) is 12:16 (or 3:4 after simplifying).

The ratio actually only expresses parts of a certain whole to us. If the ratio of girls to boys is 3: 1, it means that the girls are $3/4$ of it and boys $1/4$.

Dividing a number into two (or more) parts in a given ratio

Let the number be 20. It is to be divided into two parts in the ratio 3:7 . The two parts of 20 we are looking for are x and y. x:y will be equivalent to 3:7 and at the same time x+y=20

$$x/y=3/7=k$$

Number k is a number with which we will multiply at the end to transform the relative part of the whole to absolute quantity. If we split 20 to 10 parts (because 3+7=10) it corresponds with 1 part of it.

Let’s find x, y:

$$ x = 3k ; y = 7k$$
$$3k+7k=20 ;→;k=20/{3+7}$$
$$k=2 ;→;x=3k=6;;; y=7k=14$$

In other words, if a ratio is a:b we have to add up ratio terms (a+b or 3+7=10) and use this sum to divide original number (20) by it to get k: 20÷10=2. Then we have to multiply k with terms of the ratio to get the results 3k=6; 7k=14. Their sum is equal to the original number (6+14=20)

Part-to-whole word problems

The ratio of girls to all students in a school is 3:7. There is 1400 students altogether. How many boys are there?

1400 students should be divided by 7 to get k.

$$1400÷7=200=k$$

Number of girls is 3×k=3×200=600. The rest will be boys (1400−600=800).

Another way is to set a ratio part-to-whole for boys and that’s (7−3):7=4:7 . With k equal to 200, number of boys is 4×k=4×200=800.



Ratio word problems (difficult)

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Ratios

A ratio (proportion) expresses the relationship of one quantity to another. Ratios are usually used to compare two or multiple numbers/quantities, e.g. 1:2 or 4:1:3.

The ratio of two quantities can be written as a fraction, e.g. 1:2 can be written as $1/2$. It is read as “1 to 2”. It means that the second quantity is twice as large as the first.

The numbers 1 and 2 are called terms (antecedent:consequent). The order is important. The ratio 1:2 is not the same as 2:1. Ratios can be simplified/reduced by dividing it by the same number. Ratio 15:3 is the same as 5:1 (We have divided both terms by 3.) We can read it as 15 is to 3 as 5 is to 1. We call them equivalent ratios (they have the same value, even though they look different). A ratio expressed in lowest terms is a ratio by which both terms can’t be divided further by a common divisor (1:8:9 or 2:3 or 4:5:7)

A ratio can describe a part-to-part comparison or a part-to-whole comparison.

Let’s have 12 girls and 4 boys in a class (altogether 16 children). Their part-to-part ratio (girls to boys) is 12:4 (can be simplified to 3:1). Thus, ratio of boys to girls is 1:3. And ratio of girls to all children (part-to-whole) is 12:16 (or 3:4 after simplifying).

The ratio actually only expresses parts of a certain whole to us. If the ratio of girls to boys is 3: 1, it means that the girls are $3/4$ of it and boys $1/4$.

Dividing a number into two (or more) parts in a given ratio

Let the number be 20. It is to be divided into two parts in the ratio 3:7 . The two parts of 20 we are looking for are x and y. x:y will be equivalent to 3:7 and at the same time x+y=20

$$x/y=3/7=k$$

Number k is a number with which we will multiply at the end to transform the relative part of the whole to absolute quantity. If we split 20 to 10 parts (because 3+7=10) it corresponds with 1 part of it.

Let’s find x, y:

$$ x = 3k ; y = 7k$$
$$3k+7k=20 ;→;k=20/{3+7}$$
$$k=2 ;→;x=3k=6;;; y=7k=14$$

In other words, if a ratio is a:b we have to add up ratio terms (a+b or 3+7=10) and use this sum to divide original number (20) by it to get k: 20÷10=2. Then we have to multiply k with terms of the ratio to get the results 3k=6; 7k=14. Their sum is equal to the original number (6+14=20)

Part-to-whole word problems

The ratio of girls to all students in a school is 3:7. There is 1400 students altogether. How many boys are there?

1400 students should be divided by 7 to get k.

$$1400÷7=200=k$$

Number of girls is 3×k=3×200=600. The rest will be boys (1400−600=800).

Another way is to set a ratio part-to-whole for boys and that’s (7−3):7=4:7 . With k equal to 200, number of boys is 4×k=4×200=800.



Direct variation word problems (easy)

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Writing decimals as percents

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How to calculate percentages

A percentage is a fraction whose denominator (bottom number) is always 100. It is denoted using the percent sign (%) or the abbreviations pct. So 1% is 1/100. If we say 20%, we mean 20/100 = 1/5. So 25% means 1/4 and 50% means 1/2

If you have to turn a percentage into a decimal, just divide by 100. For example, 25% = 25/100 = 0.25

If you have to turn a percentage into a fraction, just add 100 as a denominator. For example, 50% = 50/100 = 1/2

The following examples show how to calculate percentages:

3 is what percent of 12?

$$3/12=1/4={1×25}/{4×25}=25/100=25%$$


What is 20% of 80?
$$80×{20/100}=80×{1/5}=16$$


8 is 40% percent of what number?

$${8×100}/40=800/40=80/4=20$$


The price of a book was increased from 10 to 12 USD. Express this increase as a percentage change of the original price.
$$Change = {Difference}/{Old;Value} ×100=$$
$$={12−10}/10 ×100=$$
$$=2/10 ×100 = 20%$$

The price of a book was decreased from 15 to 10 USD. By what percentage did it decrease?

$${15−10}/15 × 100=5/15 ×100=$$
$$ = 33.3%$$


Percentage word problems

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How to calculate percentages

A percentage is a fraction whose denominator (bottom number) is always 100. It is denoted using the percent sign (%) or the abbreviations pct. So 1% is 1/100. If we say 20%, we mean 20/100 = 1/5. So 25% means 1/4 and 50% means 1/2

If you have to turn a percentage into a decimal, just divide by 100. For example, 25% = 25/100 = 0.25

If you have to turn a percentage into a fraction, just add 100 as a denominator. For example, 50% = 50/100 = 1/2

The following examples show how to calculate percentages:

3 is what percent of 12?

$$3/12=1/4={1×25}/{4×25}=25/100=25%$$


What is 20% of 80?
$$80×{20/100}=80×{1/5}=16$$


8 is 40% percent of what number?

$${8×100}/40=800/40=80/4=20$$


The price of a book was increased from 10 to 12 USD. Express this increase as a percentage change of the original price.
$$Change = {Difference}/{Old;Value} ×100=$$
$$={12−10}/10 ×100=$$
$$=2/10 ×100 = 20%$$

The price of a book was decreased from 15 to 10 USD. By what percentage did it decrease?

$${15−10}/15 × 100=5/15 ×100=$$
$$ = 33.3%$$


   
   

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